Define "hydraulic gradient" in the context of water distribution.

The hydraulic gradient refers to the slope of the water's potential energy, effectively measuring how the energy changes with respect to distance in a water distribution system. It is key to understanding how water flows through a system, as it demonstrates the relationship between elevation, pressure, and flow. In hydraulic terms, the gradient is often represented as the change in water level (or head) over the horizontal distance along the pipe.

When considering water distribution, the hydraulic gradient influences how water moves from one point to another under the force of gravity and pressure, guiding engineers in designing systems that efficiently distribute water. This gradient impacts both the velocity of flow and the ability to overcome resistive forces within the pipe system, making it a vital concept in hydraulic engineering and water distribution management.